KIDNEY DISEASE

Kidney Stones
urinary tract (urinary stone) is a rock-solid mass, which is formed in the urinary path and can cause pain, bleeding, blocking the outflow of urine or infection. These stones can be formed in the kidneys (kidney stones), as well as inside of the bladder (stones in the urinary bladder). The formation of stones called nephrolithiasis (kidney stones, dietotherapy disease education).



symptom
Stone in the urinary bladder can cause pain in lower abdomen. Stones which hindered the ureter and renal pelvis, lohanku, kidney tubule may cause back pain or renal colic (pain colic). Renal colic is characterized by severe pain, that remittiruûŝego, generally in the area between the ribs and his thigh, abdominal, radiating of the pubis and the inner surface of the thighs. Other symptoms are nausea and vomiting, bloating, fever, chills and blood in the urine. Patients may be more frequent urination, especially when the stones pass through the urethra. Stones can cause urinary tract infections. If the stones are blocking the flow of urine, bacteria and will continue to be in the urine collected for blocking, so there was no infection. If embargo lasts a long time, urine will leak back into the Canal in the kidneys, causing stress, razduet kidneys (hydronephrosis) and can eventually damage the kidney.

Chronic kidney disease
is the process of kidney damage with a range of more than 3 months. CKD can cause simtoma glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/men/1.73 m2, or above that value, but accompanied by abnormalities of urine sediment. The presence of kidney stones can also be an indication in patients with congenital disorders such as CKD and sistinuria hiperoksaluria.

Symtomps

1. Blood pressure increases due to fluid overload and production of vasoactive hormones created by the kidneys through the RAS (renin-angiotensin system), increase one's risk of developing hypertension.
2. Urea accumulates leading to azotemia and eventually uremia
3. Potassium accumulates in the blood
4. Decreased erythropoietin synthesis

LIVER DISEASE

Hepatitis
A.Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver due to toxins, such as chemicals or drugs or agents that cause infections. Hepatitis that lasts less than 6 months is called "acute hepatitis," hepatitis that lasted more than 6 months is called "chronic hepatitis".


B. Causes Of Hepatitis
Hepatitis usually occurs because of virus, especially one of the five hepatitis viruses, namely A, B, C, D or E. Hepatitis can also occur due to other viral infections, such as infectious mononucleosis, yellow fever and cytomegalovirus infection. Causes of non-viral hepatitis alcohol and drugs major.

C.Types of Viral Hepatitis

• Viral Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A virus mainly spreads through feces. The spread is caused by a poor level of cleanliness. In developing countries often plague that spread through food and water.
  
• Viral Hepatitis B: Transmission is not as easy as viral hepatitis A. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood or blood products. Transmission usually occurs among drug users who use needles together, or between sexual partners (both heterosexual and homosexual men). Pregnant women infected with hepatitis B can transmit the virus to her baby during childbirth. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by healthy people who carry hepatitis B virus In the Far East and Africa region, several cases of hepatitis B develop chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
  
• Viral Hepatitis C: Causing at least 80% of cases of hepatitis caused by blood transfusion. Hepatitis C virus is most commonly transmitted through drug users who use needles together. Rarely occur through sexual transmission. For reasons still unclear, patients with "alcoholic liver disease" often suffer from hepatitis C.
  
• Viral Hepatitis D: Only occurs as a co-infection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus causes hepatitis B infection becomes more severe. Which has a high risk of this virus is a drug addict.

D.Symtomps Of Hepatitis

Nausea, vomiting, no appetite, weakness, fatigue, decreased stamina increased need for sleep Fever, Dark-colored urine, White feces, Nails, skin and the whites of the eyes turns yellow, Enlarged upper abdomen and weight loss

Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is the final stage of the process of liver fibrosis, which is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue so that the liver cells will lose its function. Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol, hepatitis B and C and fat liver disease but has many other possible causes. In such cases, often an interruption in the portal vein in the liver (in English: Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction, EHPVO) resulting in disruption of homeostasis in the liver dysfunction that affects the synthesis of coagulation factors, especially factor V and factor VII. The way to prevent cirrhosis is not to consume coffee in large quantities, but can be done by reducing the consumption of alcohol. Other studies have claimed that heavy drinkers who turned out to have a blood sugar test results that are more healthy and coffee effect in reducing levels of liver enzymes in the blood are also more visible.

Snowdonia National Park

Do you know what is the most beautiful national park in the world? It's called Snowdonia National Park. It is located in Wales.

Snowdonia National Park or in Welshit called: “Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri” was established in 1951 as the third National Park in Britain. It covers 827 square miles (2,140 km2), and has 37 miles (60 km) of coastline. The highest point called Snowdon. Unlike national parks in other countries, Snowdonia (and other such parks in Britain) are made up of both public and private lands under central planning authority. More than 26,000 people live within the Park.

Snowdonia may be divided into four areas:

· The northernmost area is the most popular with tourists. In this side there are 3 highest mountain in Wales.

· The second area includes peaks such as Moel Siabod and Cnicht

· The third area is not as popular with tourists as the other areas, due to its remoteness.

· The southernmost area includes Aran Fawddwy, the highest mountain in the United Kingdom south of Snowdon.

One of the major problems facing the Park in recent years has been the growth of Rhododendron ponticum. This fast-growing invasive species has a tendency to take over and stifle native species. It can form massive towering growths and has a companion fungus that grows on its roots producing toxins that are poisonous to any local flora and fauna for a seven-year period after the Rhododendron infestations have been eradicated. As a result there are a number of desolate landscapes.